Bi-level Coordinated Scheduling and Optimization of Power Systems Based on Stackelberg-GMO

Authors

• Yuanxing Zhang, China Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
• Jianfeng Li, China Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
• Taoyong Li, China Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
• Linjuan Zhang, State Grid Henan Electric Power Company, Zhengzhou 450052, China
• Jincheng Liu, China Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
• Bin Li, China Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China

Abstract

Abstract: , To balance the interests of the power grid and the demand side, and achieve coordinated improvements in system economic efficiency, environmental friendliness, and renewable energy accommodation capacity, this paper proposes a bi-level coordinated scheduling model based on the Stackelberg game and the GMO. A leader-follower game model incorporating carbon emission constraints and multi-scenario stochastic constraints for photovoltaic generation is constructed, with the grid operator as the leader and EVs/V2G and energy storage as the followers, resolving the core contradiction between global optimization and individual rationality. The spatio-temporal stochastic characteristics of EV travel, the cycle life of energy storage systems, and user travel comfort constraints are carefully incorporated to reduce the deviation between the model and actual operation. The GMO algorithm is closely adapted to the sequential decision-making logic of the Stackelberg game, and a dedicated solution framework is designed to reliably obtain a SPNE. A virtual electricity price incentive mechanism integrating carbon emission costs and curtailment penalties is designed to guide demand-side resources to match the output characteristics of renewable energy. Results show that the optimization performance of the GMO algorithm is significantly superior to that of the PSO and the GA. Compared with the traditional uncoordinated operation mode, the proposed scheme reduces the total operating cost by up to 50.25%, increases the photovoltaic power accommodation rate to 96.5%, and reduces carbon emissions by up to 51.46%. This research can serve as a theoretical and engineering reference for the coordinated scheduling of flexible resources in new-type power systems.

Recommended Citation

Zhang, Yuanxing; Li, Jianfeng; Li, Taoyong; Zhang, Linjuan; Liu, Jincheng; and Li, Bin (2026) "Bi-level Coordinated Scheduling and Optimization of Power Systems Based on Stackelberg-GMO," Journal of System Simulation: Vol. 38: Iss. 8, Article 2.
DOI: 10.16182/j.issn1004731x.joss.26-0115E
Available at: https://dc-china-simulation.researchcommons.org/journal/vol38/iss8/2

First Page

2132

Last Page

2151

CLC

TM734; TP391

Recommended Citation

Zhang Yuanxing, Li Jianfeng, Li Taoyong, et al. Bi-level Coordinated Scheduling and Optimization of Power Systems Based on Stackelberg-GMO[J]. Journal of System Simulation, 2026, 38(8): 2132-2151.

DOI

10.16182/j.issn1004731x.joss.26-0115E