Journal of System Simulation
Abstract
Abstract: To address the unbalanced energy consumption and short network lifetime caused by the complex topology and strong energy coupling of three-dimensional tunnel wireless sensor networks, this study constructs a system-level operating model integrating spatial topology, energy evolution, and routing decision-making, and proposes an energy management for balanced and efficient routing (EMBER) algorithm based on the competition of tribes and cooperation of members (CTCM) algorithm. The optimal number of cluster heads is derived through tunnel spatial modeling. Clustering is performed using a Gaussian mixture model optimized by CTCM, and efficient cluster-head selection is achieved by combining data envelopment analysis. An energy-threshold-based re-clustering mechanism is introduced to enhance energy utilization, and a multi-objective routing optimization model is developed to enable inter-cluster multi-hop transmission. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model and routing mechanism effectively balance network energy consumption and extend the system lifetime.
Recommended Citation
Cao, Fang; Yang, Jiguang; and Huo, Jiuyuan
(2026)
"Modeling and Simulation of Multi-hop Routing in 3D Tunnel Wireless Sensor Networks,"
Journal of System Simulation: Vol. 38:
Iss.
9, Article 21.
DOI: 10.16182/j.issn1004731x.joss.25-1100
Available at:
https://dc-china-simulation.researchcommons.org/journal/vol38/iss9/21
First Page
2739
Last Page
2754
CLC
TP391.9; TP212.9
Recommended Citation
Cao Fang, Yang Jiguang, Huo Jiuyuan. Modeling and Simulation of Multi-hop Routing in 3D Tunnel Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. Journal of System Simulation, 2026, 38(9): 2739-2754.
DOI
10.16182/j.issn1004731x.joss.25-1100
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